More cuts loom as drought declared Greater conservation effort needed, water officials say By Michael Gardner U-T SACRAMENTO BUREAU and Mike Lee STAFF WRITER June 5, 2008. The governor: "We must recognize the severity of the crisis we face." SACRAMENTO – During the last punishing drought 20 years ago, La Mesa accountant Spencer Harris dutifully installed low-flow shower heads and collected shower water to fill the toilet. http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/state/20080605-9999-1n5drought.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4674206.stm
-Dry January as drought continues - England and Wales have had the
driest January since 1997 and the sixth driest on record.
Long dry sucks life out of land. June was the driest on record for Western Australia, the third-driest for Victoria and the fifth-driest nationwide. Sydney Australian, Australia. 13 July 2006. http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,19768883-30417,00.html
Big
dry may spell tougher restrictions on water use. Tougher water
restrictions could come into force as early as next month as Victoria
continues to experience one of its driest periods on record. Melbourne
Age, Australia. 10 July 2006.
http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/big-dry-may-spell-tougher-restrictions-onwater-use/2006/07/09/1152383611839.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4674206.stm -Dry January as drought continues - England and Wales have had the driest January since 1997 and the sixth driest on record. v Long dry sucks life out of land. June was the driest on record for Western Australia, the third-driest for Victoria and the fifth-driest nationwide. Sydney Australian, Australia. 13 July 2006. http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,19768883-30417,00.html
http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA081206.08A.drought_study.200c5d0.html
lt, David D. and Donald W. Hyndman, "Roadside Geology of Washington," Mountain Press Publishing Company, 1984
Brandon, Mark T., Darrel s. Cowan and Joseph A. Vance, "The Late Cretaceous San Juan Thrust System, San Juan Islands, Washington," Special Paper 221, The Geological Society of America, 1988
Earth Tech, "Draft Supplemental EIS, San Juan County Plan for Activity Centers on Orcas and Lopez Islands," SJC Planning Department, March 2000
Economic and Engineering Services, "San Juan Island Critical Water Supply Service Area Coordinated Water System Plan, Regional Supplement," adopted by the San Juan Island Water Utilities Coordinating Committee, revised September 1997
KCM, "Town of Friday Harbor Comprehensive Water System Plan Update," February 1997
KCM, "Town of Friday Harbor Trout Lake Capacity Analysis," June 1994
Kruckeberg, Arthur R., "The Natural History of Puget Sound Country," University of Washington Press, 1991
McKee, Bates, "Cascadia," McGraw-Hill Company, 1972
Orr, Elizabeth L. and William N., "Geology of the Pacific Northwest," McGraw-Hill Companies, 1996
Ritter, Dale F., "Process Geomorphology," Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers, 1978
Russell, Robert H. editor, "Geology and Water Resources of the San Juan Islands, with contributions by the USGS, Water Supply Bulletin No. 46, Department of Ecology, 1975
SJC Health and Community Services, "Part 1, San Juan County Watershed Management Action Plan," Agency and Public Review Draft, December 1999
SJC Health and Community Services, "Part 2, San Juan County Watershed Management Action Plan, SJC Characterization Report," December 1999
Town of Friday Harbor, "Water Shortage Response Plan," September 1988
A comprehensive list of desalination articles and projects http://www.waterwebster.com/Desalination.htm
Wikipedia Desalination defined with several good links http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalination
Water policy Desalination state of the industry report 2005-2008 Review of the Current State of Desalination Water Policy Working Paper 2005-008 Prepared by: Ulrich Ebensperger and Phyllis Isley, Ph.D. 1 http://www.h2opolicycenter.org/pdf_documents/water_workingpapers/2005-008.pdf
Water Desalination Market Acceleration. Worldwide, only 1% of drinking water is produced by desalination, supplied by more than 12 500 plants in more than 120 countries. The market volume has soared from $ 2.5 billion in 2002 to $ 3.8 billion in 2005 with a growth rate of over 15% per annum (plant and equipment, not considering the whole value chain). The market worldwide should reach nearly $ 30 billion by 2015. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/etap/pdfs/watedesalination.pdf
25 MGD seawater desalination plant could cost around $100 million http://www.twdb.state.tx.us/Desalination/Desal/Frequently%20asked%20questions.asp
Israeli
project 100 million m³ cost $250 million with liability for an
additional $825 million to the partner /
vendor for a total cost of 1.075 billion. This equates to 72.38 million
gallons per day for a capital cost of 14.848 million per million
gallons per day or 148.5 million dollars for a 10 million gallons per
day.
http://www.water-technology.net/projects/israel/
Larnaca SWRO Water Desalination Plant, Cyprus produces 54,000m³/day (14,265,290 gallons) cost $47 million which equals 3.294 million per million gallons per day or 32.95 million per 10 million gallons per day. http://www.water-technology.net/projects/larnaca/
Draft Report on Seawater Desalination and the California Coastal Act . The report is an update of Commission staff’s 1993. report titled “Seawater Desalination in California”, http://www.coastal.ca.gov/energy/Th9b-8-2003.pdf
California Water Desalination Task Force meeting schedule. http://biodiversity.ca.gov/Meetings/archive/water03/desal.pdf
California desalination efforts leap ahead http://www.affordabledesal.com/home/news/WW_Calif_Desal_Article.pdf
DESALINATION, WITH A GRAIN OF SALT — A CALIFORNIA PERSPECTIVE California Water Desalination Task Force Desalination Technology Working Paper 9/15/03 - was used to supply many of the energy consumption and market sizing numbers for this research. It's numbers seem to be consistent with several other reports. .5 kwh/m3 (14 kwh/1000 gallons) - 2001. Yields 14 watts per gallon or 140,000 KWh per day for a 10 MGPD facility. Have seen numbers as low as 10 watts per gallon but no installed plant that claims to deliver this from ocean water. DESALINATION - PRODUCING POTABLE WATER Shows a range of 8 watts to 36 watts per gallon http://resources.ca.gov/ocean/97Agenda/Chap5Desal.html
California Water Desalination Task Force Desalination Technology Working Paper 9/15/03 http://www.pacinst.org/reports/desalination/desal_exec_summ.pdf. - was used to supply many of the energy consumption and market sizing numbers for this research. It's numbers seem to be consistent with several other reports. .5 kwh/m3 (14 kwh/1000 gallons) - 2001. Yields 14 watts per gallon or 140,000 KWh per day for a 10 MGPD facility. Have seen numbers as low as 10 watts per gallon but no installed plant that claims to deliver this from ocean water. - This report shows solar stills at 0.1 gallons per day per sq foot. The wave based system takes advantage of a much higher energy density available in the waves and the fact that the water has already absorbed environmental heat energy. Our test unit at 10 foot by 8 foot or 80 sq foot is nominally rated at 200 gallons per day which is 2.5 gallons per sq foot which is 25 times higher than what is delivered from the solar still.
California
Water Plan Update 2005 Volume 2 chapter 6 - Page #7 shows an average
$800 to $2000 per acre foot produced from current state desalination.
This converts to $2.46 to $6.15 cents per 1000 gallons. Our preliminary
estimates show that when implemented in municipal scales the wave based
system could compete in the lower ½ of this range.
http://www.waterplan.water.ca.gov/docs/cwpu2005/vol2/v2ch06.pdf
Importance of energy recovery in membrane desalination - http://www.twdb.state.tx.us/Desalination/The%20Future%20of%20Desalination%20in%20Texas%20-%20Volume%202/documents/C8.pdf
Marin Water
district in California shows historical energy costs per 1,000 gallons
at 30.7 KWh down to
emergent technologies at 7.15Kw when using less salty bay water. In
latter slides they show a budget of 10KWh per 1,000 gallons which is
consistent with the Texas statistics. Also includes land area
calculations for PV and wind energy.
http://www.marinwater.org/documents/Desal_Energy_Use_Seminar_c.pdf
Report
says climate change could reduce world's GDP greenhouse gas emissions
linked
to global warming could cost up to 20 percent of the world's gross
domestic product
DDP.
http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/healthscience/stories/103106dnintwarming.1e9120e.html
AAP Fires, drought 'due to global warming October 12, 2006 http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20567521-1702,00.html
Drought, gales and refugees: what will happen as UK hots up Saturday July 22, 2006 The Guardian Summers could be 25% drier across England, 10%-15% drier in Scotland. Could lower world wide DGP by up to 20% References G8 report http://www.guardian.co.uk/climatechange/story/0,,1826470,00.html
Temperature set to hit 100 degrees - and global warming is to blame. With the mercury expected to approach 100F (37.8C) for only the 2nd time in Britain's history - but also the 2nd time in under 3 years - researchers said the unusual heat was entirely consistent with predictions of climate change London Independent, England. 19 July 2006.
Potential Effects of Climate Change on New Mexico. The purpose of the report is to assess the potential impacts on New Mexico. of climate change that could be brought about by global warming http://www.nmenv.state.nm.us/cc/Potential_Effects_Climate_Change_NM.pdf
http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA081206.08A.drought_study.200c5d0.html
FINAL
REPORT - Progress on Incorporating Climate Change Into Management of
California Water
Resources, Technical Memorandum Report California Department of Water
Resources. Posted:July 11,
2006.
http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/documents/2006-07_DWR_CLIMATE_CHANGE_FINAL.PDF
and
California 2006 climate change report
http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/biennial_reports/2006report/
Global warming intensifying drought patterns: CSIRO Last Update: Monday, October 16, 2006. 3:23pm (AEST) There's been more rain, but droughts have lengthened. an accelerating shift in climate will bring warmer temperatures, as well as more periods of intense rain and longer dry spells to some areas. San Antonio has experienced six of the seven warmest months have occurred since 1880. http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200610/s1765929.htm
Global Warming Will Alter Character of the Northeast Leading Scientists Say How We Manage Emissions Today Will Dramatically Affect Changes in Northeast Climate and Quality of Life http://www.ucsusa.org/news/press_release/global-warming-will-alter.html
Scientists Urge Rapid Action on Global Warming By CRAIG R. WHITNEY, SPECIAL TO THE NEW YORK TIMES LEAD: A panel of scientists warned today that unless emissions of carbon dioxide and other harmful gases were immediately cut by more than 60 percent, global temperatures would rise sharply over the next century, with unforeseeable consequences for humanity. May 26, 1990 World News http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F3061FF73E5B0C758EDDAC0894D8494D81&n=Top%2fNews%2fScience%2fTopics%2fGlobal%20Warming
Environmental health news weather anomalies http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/topic.jsp?term=Topic/weatherAnomalies
New york times comprehensive list of articles on global warming http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/science/topics/globalwarming/index.html?s=oldest&query=GREAT%20BRITAIN&field=geo&match=exact
Institute Natural Disasters and Hazards – Droughts http://www.intute.ac.uk/sciences/hazards/Droughts-Government.html
FINAL REPORT - Progress on Incorporating Climate Change Into Management of California Water Resources, Technical Memorandum Report California Department of Water Resources. Posted:July 11, 2006. http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/documents/2006-07_DWR_CLIMATE_CHANGE_FINAL.PDF and California 2006 climate change report http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/biennial_reports/2006report/
Global warming intensifying drought patterns: CSIRO Last Update: Monday, October 16, 2006. 3:23pm (AEST) There's been more rain, but droughts have lengthened. an accelerating shift in climate will bring warmer temperatures, as well as more periods of intense rain and longer dry spells to some areas. San Antonio has experienced six of the seven warmest months have occurred since 1880. http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200610/s1765929.htm
Global Warming Will Alter Character of the Northeast Leading Scientists Say How We Manage Emissions Today Will Dramatically Affect Changes in Northeast Climate and Quality of Life http://www.ucsusa.org/news/press_release/global-warming-will-alter.html
Scientists Urge Rapid Action on Global Warming By CRAIG R. WHITNEY, SPECIAL TO THE NEW YORK TIMES LEAD: A panel of scientists warned today that unless emissions of carbon dioxide and other harmful gases were immediately cut by more than 60 percent, global temperatures would rise sharply over the next century, with unforeseeable consequences for humanity. May 26, 1990 World News http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F3061FF73E5B0C758EDDAC0894D8494D81&n=Top%2fNews%2fScience%2fTopics%2fGlobal%20Warming
Environmental health news weather anomalies http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/topic.jsp?term=Topic/weatherAnomalies
New york times comprehensive list of articles on global warming http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/science/topics/globalwarming/index.html?s=oldest&query=GREAT%2 0BRITAIN&field=geo&match=exact
Department of Energy (DOE) Table 1. 2004 Summary Statistics http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/st_profiles/california.pdf
The USA
department of energy show 1.2 pounds of Carbon per KWh consumed.
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=energy_awareness.bus_energy_use
Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Generation of Electric Power in the United States July 2000 Department of Energy Washington, DC 20585 Environmental Protection Agency Washington DC 20460 - Page #6 Table 1 shows the best case emissions of 1.3 pounds carbon per Kwh consumed. A earlier report showed 1.2 pounds of carbon and some califonri reports show an average of 0.86 pounds however California is shifting more heavily to natural gas away from Hydro to meet increasing demands their emissions per Kwh is likely to grow to match national averages. We used 1.2 pounds to ensure our calculations where conservative http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/co2_report/co2report.html
Department of Energy (DOE) Table 1. 2004 Summary Statistics http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/st_profiles/california.pdf
The USA department of energy show 1.2 pounds of Carbon per KWh consumed. http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=energy_awareness.bus_energy_use
U.S. EPA - Useful Facts & Figures facts and figures for raising awareness of energy use. All facts and figures are from U.S. EPA. http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=energy_awareness.bus_energy_use
http://wildlife.state.co.us/LandWater/WetlandsProgram/ - Colorado Wetlands has created or enhanced 220,000 acres of natural wetlands since 1997. Wildlife Conservation 303-291-7336, Engineering 303-291-7391, Habitat 303-291-7459
http://ag.arizona.edu/AZWATER/arroyo/094wet.html Constructed Wetlands: Using Human Ingenuity, Natural Processes to Treat Water, Build Habitat by Joe Gelt
http://www.ftch.com/docs/Monitor0102.pdf - Wetlands exploring their uses At the MDEQ Environmental Assistance Center (1-800-662-9278): Storm Water Wetlands - Ralph Reznick Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment - Scott Ross Wetland Mitigation - Contact local MDEQ office, Land and Water Management Division Mitigation Banking - Amy Lounds
http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/pdf/ConstructedWetlands-Complete.pdf United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA832-R-93-005 September 1993 Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment and Wildlife Habitat
http://nawe-pa.com/docs/32%20Engineered%20Wetlands%20Industrial%20Wastes.pdf - Engineered wetlands provide community benefits and treatment for industrial wastes by Mark Line – Wastewater treatment.
http://www.stormwatercenter.net/Model%20Ordinances/misc__wetlands.htm WETLANDS AND WATERCOURSES ORDINANCE Croton-on-Hudson, NY Department of Public Works (914) 271 – 3775 WETLANDS AND WATERCOURSES
http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/send-pdf.cgi?ohiou1103128754 - Benefits, Feasibility and design recommendations for a proposed constructed wetland, Athens, OK, Collecge of Arts and Sciences Ohio University by Emily Lux Aug 2004
Absorption/regeneration non-conventional system for water extraction from atmospheric air Copyright ｩ 2002 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Ahmed Sultan E-mail The Corresponding Author Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt Received 11 June 2002; Revised 18 December 2002. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V4S-4BVPRMH-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f01a4ff6cf3bea11b5a794ae6607d03c
How Stirling (heat differential) engines work - http://travel.howstuffworks.com/stirling-engine.htm
Thermo-electric
generators convert heat directly into electricity, using the voltage
generated at the
junction of two different metals.
http://www.dself.dsl.pipex.com/MUSEUM/POWER/thermoelectric/thermoelectric.htm
ENECO has developed the Thermal Chip, a new type of semiconductor device for direct energy conversion, which means it converts one form of energy to another without intermediate steps or moving parts. http://www.eneco.com/technology.html
Power
Chips™ Convert Heat to Electricity - Chips use thermionics to
convert
heat directly into electricity
with a Carnot heat pump efficiency of up to 70-80%. This will be one of
the first industrial applications of
nanotechnology. http://www.powerchips.gi/
Several low temperature thermal to electric conversion engines. http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:
Thermo-Electricity at Low Temperatures. IV. Variation of Thermo-Electric Power in a Magnetic Field D. K. C. MacDonald, W. B. Pearson Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 241, No. 1225 (Aug. 7, 1957), pp. 257-269 http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0080-4630(19570807)241%3A1225%3C257%3ATALTIV%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6
Latent Heat and Insensible heat explained. http://energyconcepts.tripod.com/energyconcepts/boilersteam.htm
http://www.varianinc.com.cn/products/vacuum/pumps/scroll/shared/ScrollPump.pdf - possible source of no lubricant scroll pump. Not large enough for our application and most specifically prohibit condensate forming in the pump.
http://www.cobotics.com/documents/en/White%20Paper%20on%20Energy%20Consumption.pdf – Electricty consumption of pneumatic tools. Quotes 3.5KWh per 1,000 cubic foot at 90 PSI but did not show formula used to derive this number.
http://web.mit.edu/2.810/www/Environment/Thermoforming%20Env%20Analysis%20(group%20F).pdf - MIT estimates standard compressors is 5 CFM per HP at 100PSI with a 1% drop in power consumption per 2PSI of pressure reduction. So a 4 PSI unit at 5CFM is calculated as 100 PSI – 4 PSI = 96 PSI delta divided by 2 = 48% reduction or 5CFM per ½ HP or 1 CFM per 0.1HP.